Equal Protection of Law

In order that there can be valid classification so that a discriminatory governmental act may pass the constitutional norm of equal protection, it is necessary that the four (4) requisites of valid classification be complied with, namely:

1. It must be based upon substantial distinctions;
2. It must be germane to the purposes of the law;
3. It must not be limited to existing conditions only; and
4. It must apply equally to all members of the class. (Quinto v. Comelec, G.R. No. 189698, 1 December 2009)